69.  State Archive, gimel 1319/66, 12 December, 1948. 70.  State Archive 1319/66 gimel. 71.  The Palestinian poet Mu’ i¯n Bsi¯su¯  used the same image in a poem on the Nakba. “And after the flood,” he wrote, “nothing was left of this people or this land but the rope and the peg” (lam yatruk al-si¯l  ghayer  al-habal  wal-watad  min  dhalika  al-sha’ab  aw  min  dhalika  al-balad ).  See  the anthology compiled by ’Abd al-Rahman al-Kayyali¯, 1975:235. References Abu-Lughod,   J.   (1971)   “The   Demographic   Transformation   of   Palestine”,   In:   Abu-Lughod,   I.,   ed,    The Transformation of Palestine  (Northwestern University Press, Evanston), pp 139–163. Abu ¯  Ra¯shed, (1993) “Ti¯rat al-Karmil: al-Ard wal-Insa¯n (Tirat al-Karmil: The land and the people)”, Irbid: author’s print. Al-Ba¯sh, A.M. (1998) Ti¯rat Haifa ¯: Karmeliyyatan al-Judhu ¯r, Filasti¯niyyatan al-Intima ¯’ (Ti¯rat Haifa ¯: Rooted in the Carmel, Belonging to Palestine)  (al-Shajara Press, Damascus). Carmel, M. (1949)  Ma’arakhot ha Tsaphon (Battles of the North)  (Hakibbutz Hame’ uhad, Ein Harod). Halbwachs, M. (1980)  The Collective Memory  (Harper and Row, New York). Hynes,  G.  (1999)  In:  Winter,  J.  and  Sivan,  E.,  eds,   Personal  Narratives  and  Commemoration,  in  War  and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century  (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK). Al-Ja¯bu ¯ri, S . (1970)  Mih nat Filast ^_i¯n wadsra ¯ruha ¯  al-Siya ¯siyya Wal-’Asuari¯yya (Palestine’s Disaster, Political and Military Secrets). Da¯r al-kutub Press, Beirut). Khalidi, W. (ed.) (1992) In: All that Remains: The Palestinian villages occupied and depopulated by Israel in 1948 (Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington). Lorch, N. (1961) The Edge of the Sword: Israel’s War of Independence 1947–1949  (Putnam and Co., New York). Manna¯’, A. (1986)  A’la ¯m Filasti¯n fi Awa ¯khir al-’ahd al-’Uthma ¯ni¯, 1880–1918 (Prominent Men in Palestine in the late Ottoman Period)  (Mat ba’at al-Dirasa¯t al-’Arabiyya, Jerusalem). Morris,   B.   (1987)   The   Birth  of   the   Palestinian   Refugee   Problem   1947–1949   (Cambridge  University   Press, Cambridge, UK). Morris,   B.   (1991)   Leidata   shel   Be’ayat   haPlitim   haPhalestinim   1947–1949,   A   revised   Hebrew   edition   of The   Birth   of   the   Palestinian   Refugee   Problem   1947–1949   (Am   Oved,   Tel-Aviv). Nazzal, N. (1978)  The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948  (The Institute for Palestine Studies, Beirut). Samuel, R., Thompson, P., eds (1990)  The Myths We Live By  (Routledge, London). Slutsky, J. (ed.) (1965)  Sefer Toldot HaHagana (The History of the Hagana)  (Ma’arakhot Press, Tel Aviv). Stern, Sh. (1980) “The British Mandate Period”, In: Sofer, A. and Kipnis, B., eds, Atlas Heifa vehaKarmel (Atlas of Haifa and the Carmel)  (University of Haifa, Haifa). Takkenberg,  A.  (1978)  “The  Status  of  Palestinian  Refugees  in  International  Law”  PhD  thesis,  University  of Nijmegen (Netherlands). Thompson, P. (1978)  The Voice of the Past: Oral history  (Oxford University Press, Oxford). Toldot  Milh emet  Haqomemiyut  (The  History of  the  War  of  Independence),  (1959)”Ma’arakhot  Press,  Tel  Aviv: Compiled by the History Branch of the General Staff, Israel Defence Force. Wachtel, N. (1986) “Memory and History: Introduction”,  History and Anthropology  2(1), 207–224. Yazbak, M. (1998)  Haifa in the Late Ottoman Period, 1864–1914: A Muslim town in transition  (Brill, Leiden). EFRAT BEN-ZE’EV 30